l Carnitine pretreatment ameliorates heat stress induced acute kidney injury by restoring mitochondrial function of tubular cells American Journal of Physiology Renal Physiology American Physiological Society Understanding the Benefits and Uses of Carnitine in Health and Fitness Fitness Health History of L carnitine: Implications for renal disease Journal of Renal Nutrition L carnitine is a naturally occurring amino acid structure that is made in the human brain, liver, and kidneys. L carnitine plays a critical role in energy production, as it converts fat into energy. The effects of L carnitine on renal function and gene expression of caspase 9 and Bcl 2 in monosodium glutamateinduced rats BMC Nephrology Springer Nature Link The Role of L Carnitine in Kidney Disease and Related Metabolic Dysfunctions