Frontiers Gut Metabolite Trimethylamine N Oxide in Atherosclerosis: From Mechanism to Therapy The Carnitine butyrobetaine trimethylamine N oxide pathway and its association with cardiovascular mortality in patients with carotid atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis Trimethylamine N oxide (TMAO) is a small molecule produced in humans primarily by the gut liver axis and has become an important biomarker, and possible mediator, of cardiometabolic and renal disease. Dietary choline, phosphatidylcholine ( Characterization of TMAO productivity from carnitine challenge facilitates personalized nutrition and microbiome signatures discovery Microbiome Springer Nature Link Oolong Tea Extract and Citrus Peel Polymethoxyflavones Reduce Transformation of l Carnitine to Trimethylamine N Oxide and Decrease Vascular Inflammation in l Carnitine Feeding Mice Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry Identification of TMAO producer phenotype and hostdietgut dysbiosis by carnitine challenge test in human and germ free mice Gut